Kenya Property Centre
Serviced Office Space for 10 Persons in HQ
7
KSh 215,200 /mo

Office space for rent

Serviced Office Space for 10 Persons in HQ

Serviced office space for 10 persons available on flexible terms, so you can add space or even move location -- wherever you need to be. Discover a professional and flexible workspace at The Brick Thindigua, located in Kiambu. Our centre provides a variety of office solutions designed to support your business needs. Situated just 21 meters from the Kasarini Bus Stop and approximately 28 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO), this location offers both convenience and accessibility. The Brick Thindigua features modern office spaces, coworking areas, and meeting rooms, creating an ideal environment for productivity and collaboration. Whether you need a serviced office, a coworking space, or virtual office services, we have the facilities to enhance your business operations. Make a home for your business with 45 sqm of open plan office space in HQ The Brick Thindigua, ideal for 10 employees. Our large offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Open Plan Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Along Kiambu Road, the Brick, Thindigua, Nairobi
44 sqm
Iwg PLC
Private Office Space for 5 Persons in HQ
7
KSh 109,600 /mo

Office space for rent

Private Office Space for 5 Persons in HQ

Access a bright and inspiring office space designed to help teams of five to do their best work. Discover a professional and flexible workspace at The Brick Thindigua, located in Kiambu. Our centre provides a variety of office solutions designed to support your business needs. Situated just 21 meters from the Kasarini Bus Stop and approximately 28 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO), this location offers both convenience and accessibility. The Brick Thindigua features modern office spaces, coworking areas, and meeting rooms, creating an ideal environment for productivity and collaboration. Whether you need a serviced office, a coworking space, or virtual office services, we have the facilities to enhance your business operations. Make a home for your business with 30 sqm of private office space in HQ The Brick Thindigua, ideal for 5 employees. Our large offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Private Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Along Kiambu Road, the Brick, Thindigua, Nairobi
30 sqm
Iwg PLC
Private Office Space for 3 Persons in HQ
9
KSh 68,320 /mo

Office space for rent

Private Office Space for 3 Persons in HQ

Productive workspace for three that comes with everything taken care of. Discover a professional and flexible workspace at The Brick Thindigua, located in Kiambu. Our centre provides a variety of office solutions designed to support your business needs. Situated just 21 meters from the Kasarini Bus Stop and approximately 28 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO), this location offers both convenience and accessibility. The Brick Thindigua features modern office spaces, coworking areas, and meeting rooms, creating an ideal environment for productivity and collaboration. Whether you need a serviced office, a coworking space, or virtual office services, we have the facilities to enhance your business operations. Make a home for your business with 15 sqm of private office space in HQ The Brick Thindigua, ideal for 3 employees. Our medium offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Private Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Along Kiambu Road, the Brick, Thindigua, Nairobi
15 sqm
Iwg PLC
All-Inclusive Access to Coworking Space in HQ
6
KSh 19,300 /mo

Office space for rent

All-Inclusive Access to Coworking Space in HQ

Get to work among a like-minded community in our shared office space. Our coworking spaces are designed with collaboration in mind and come with all the details taken care of. Reserve a dedicated desk or drop in and hot-desk and open your business up to new possibilities. Discover a professional and flexible workspace at The Brick Thindigua, located in Kiambu. Our centre provides a variety of office solutions designed to support your business needs. Situated just 21 meters from the Kasarini Bus Stop and approximately 28 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO), this location offers both convenience and accessibility. The Brick Thindigua features modern office spaces, coworking areas, and meeting rooms, creating an ideal environment for productivity and collaboration. Whether you need a serviced office, a coworking space, or virtual office services, we have the facilities to enhance your business operations. HQ Coworking includes: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Choice between open-plan space or a shared office - Option to take a dedicated desk reserved for you - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Along Kiambu Road, the Brick, Thindigua, Nairobi
10 sqm
Iwg PLC
Prime Commercial Property
23
KSh 350,000 /mo

Office space for rent

Prime Commercial Property

Prime Commercial Property in Lavington! Discover a remarkable 4,500 sq. ft. (418 sqm) commercial property on half an acre, perfectly located off James Gichuru Road, Lavington. Ideal for consultancy firms, NGOs, and quiet office setups seeking a serene and secure environment. This property meets United Nations--approved security standards, ensuring top-level safety and privacy. Enjoy lush greenery, ample parking, and easy access to Lavington Mall, international schools like The Jeffery, and major roads. A rare combination of prestige, space, and convenience --- perfect for organizations or expatriates looking for a professional yet peaceful setting in one of Nairobi's most sought-after neighborhoods.

Off James Gichuru Road, Lavington, Nairobi
3 Baths 4 Toilets 10 Parking 418 sqm
Houses Homes Kenya
Office Space with Private Bathroom and Fitted Kitchen
7
KSh 60,000 /mo

Office space for rent

Office Space with Private Bathroom and Fitted Kitchen

Office spaces to let in Westlands With a fitted kitchen Private toilet Back up generator Borehole water Ample parking Bedsitter size =kshs 60,00 1 bedroom size=kshs 75,000 2 bedrooms size =kshs 100,000 For viewing and more information, contact 0727559666 Email: [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down

Lantana Road, Westlands, Nairobi
1 Baths 1 Toilets
Discava Properties
Find a Professional Address for Your Business in HQ
3
KSh 14,900 /mo

Office space for rent

Find a Professional Address for Your Business in HQ

Build your business presence fast, with an instant professional company address and the virtual office services you need. Choose from thousands of locations to position your business wherever you need to be. Enhance your business operations with flexible workspace solutions at Nairobi, Fedha Plaza, located on Parklands Road. This prime location is just a one-minute walk from the Parklands Police Station Bus Stop, making it easily accessible by public transport. Nairobi Railway Station is 4.2 km away, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is approximately 19 km away, providing convenient access for both local and international business travel. Nairobi, Fedha Plaza offers a variety of office spaces, from shared offices to serviced offices, hot desks, and coworking spaces. It's an ideal environment for startups, freelancers, and growing businesses. With available meeting rooms, conference rooms, and training spaces, the centre is perfect for hosting professional gatherings. Virtual office services, including mail forwarding, telephone answering, and a prestigious business address, offer businesses the opportunity to establish a presence in Nairobi without needing physical office space. HQ Virtual Office includes: - Options ranging from local business address to telephone numbers and workspace access - Professional receptionists to greet guests - 24/7 customer support - Regular networking and community events - Mail forwarding on daily, weekly or ad hoc basis - Choice of regional or national phone number - Professional call answering service - Administrative support - Access to office or coworking space as and when needed All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Parklands Road, 8th Floor, Fedha Plaza, Parklands, Nairobi
5 sqm
Iwg PLC
Open Plan Office Space for 15 Persons in HQ Fedha Plaza
5
KSh 317,300 /mo

Office space for rent

Open Plan Office Space for 15 Persons in HQ Fedha Plaza

Open plan office space for 15 persons available on flexible terms, so you can add space or even move location -- wherever you need to be. Enhance your business operations with flexible workspace solutions at Nairobi, Fedha Plaza, located on Parklands Road. This prime location is just a one-minute walk from the Parklands Police Station Bus Stop, making it easily accessible by public transport. Nairobi Railway Station is 4.2 km away, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is approximately 19 km away, providing convenient access for both local and international business travel. Nairobi, Fedha Plaza offers a variety of office spaces, from shared offices to serviced offices, hot desks, and coworking spaces. It's an ideal environment for startups, freelancers, and growing businesses. With available meeting rooms, conference rooms, and training spaces, the centre is perfect for hosting professional gatherings. Virtual office services, including mail forwarding, telephone answering, and a prestigious business address, offer businesses the opportunity to establish a presence in Nairobi without needing physical office space. Make a home for your business with 100 sqm of open plan office space in HQ Fedha Plaza, ideal for 15 employees. Our large offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Open Plan Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture - Additional access to 120 sqm of shared workspace - Pricing starts at 317300 KSH All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Parklands Road, 8th Floor, Fedha Plaza, Parklands, Nairobi
120 sqm
Iwg PLC
Open Plan Office Space for 10 Persons in HQ
5
KSh 179,100 /mo

Office space for rent

Open Plan Office Space for 10 Persons in HQ

Open plan office space for 10 persons available on flexible terms, so you can add space or even move location -- wherever you need to be. Enhance your business operations with flexible workspace solutions at Nairobi, Fedha Plaza, located on Parklands Road. This prime location is just a one-minute walk from the Parklands Police Station Bus Stop, making it easily accessible by public transport. Nairobi Railway Station is 4.2 km away, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is approximately 19 km away, providing convenient access for both local and international business travel. Nairobi, Fedha Plaza offers a variety of office spaces, from shared offices to serviced offices, hot desks, and coworking spaces. It's an ideal environment for startups, freelancers, and growing businesses. With available meeting rooms, conference rooms, and training spaces, the centre is perfect for hosting professional gatherings. Virtual office services, including mail forwarding, telephone answering, and a prestigious business address, offer businesses the opportunity to establish a presence in Nairobi without needing physical office space. Make a home for your business with 45 sqm of open plan office space in HQ Fedha Plaza, ideal for 10 employees. Our large offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Open Plan Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture - Additional access to 110 sqm of shared workspace - Pricing starts at 179100 KSH All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Parklands Road, 8th Floor, Fedha Plaza, Parklands, Nairobi
110 sqm
Iwg PLC
Private Office Space for 5 Persons in HQ
5
KSh 86,300 /mo

Office space for rent

Private Office Space for 5 Persons in HQ

Access a bright and inspiring office space designed to help teams of five to do their best work. Enhance your business operations with flexible workspace solutions at Nairobi, Fedha Plaza, located on Parklands Road. This prime location is just a one-minute walk from the Parklands Police Station Bus Stop, making it easily accessible by public transport. Nairobi Railway Station is 4.2 km away, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is approximately 19 km away, providing convenient access for both local and international business travel. Nairobi, Fedha Plaza offers a variety of office spaces, from shared offices to serviced offices, hot desks, and coworking spaces. It's an ideal environment for startups, freelancers, and growing businesses. With available meeting rooms, conference rooms, and training spaces, the centre is perfect for hosting professional gatherings. Virtual office services, including mail forwarding, telephone answering, and a prestigious business address, offer businesses the opportunity to establish a presence in Nairobi without needing physical office space. Make a home for your business with 30 sqm of private office space in HQ Fedha Plaza, ideal for 5 employees. Our large offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Private Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture - Additional access to 75 sqm of shared workspace - Pricing starts at 86300 KSH All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Parklands Road, 8th Floor, Fedha Plaza, Parklands, Nairobi
75 sqm
Iwg PLC
Join a Collaborative Coworking Environment
4
KSh 16,700 /mo

Office space for rent

Join a Collaborative Coworking Environment

Get to work among a like-minded community in our shared office space. Our coworking spaces are designed with collaboration in mind and come with all the details taken care of. Reserve a dedicated desk or drop in and hot-desk and open your business up to new possibilities. Enhance your business operations with flexible workspace solutions at Nairobi, Fedha Plaza, located on Parklands Road. This prime location is just a one-minute walk from the Parklands Police Station Bus Stop, making it easily accessible by public transport. Nairobi Railway Station is 4.2 km away, and Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is approximately 19 km away, providing convenient access for both local and international business travel. Nairobi, Fedha Plaza offers a variety of office spaces, from shared offices to serviced offices, hot desks, and coworking spaces. It's an ideal environment for startups, freelancers, and growing businesses. With available meeting rooms, conference rooms, and training spaces, the centre is perfect for hosting professional gatherings. Virtual office services, including mail forwarding, telephone answering, and a prestigious business address, offer businesses the opportunity to establish a presence in Nairobi without needing physical office space. HQ Coworking includes: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Choice between open-plan space or a shared office - Option to take a dedicated desk reserved for you - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Parklands Road, 8th Floor, Fedha Plaza, Parklands, Nairobi
30 sqm
Iwg PLC
5 Bedroom Commercial Bungalow
25
KSh 150,000 /mo

Office space for rent

5 Bedroom Commercial Bungalow

A spacious 5 bedroom commercial Bungalow located on the main highway in Ngara. Spacious open plan living area Kitchen with store Spacious 5 private offices 4 washrooms Backyard space Ample parking space 24/7 Security. Asking rent is Kshs. 150,000/= ono

Murang'a Road, Ngara, Nairobi
3 Baths 4 Toilets 6 Parking
Viesta Investments
All-Inclusive Access to Office in HQ
6
KSh 19,300 /mo

Office space for rent

All-Inclusive Access to Office in HQ

Work wherever and however you need to with a HQ Office membership. With pricing starting at 19300 KSH, we offer the flexibility and freedom to accommodate any workstyle. Simply walk into any location across our extensive global network and get to work -- as little or as often as you need. Discover a professional and flexible workspace at The Brick Thindigua, located in Kiambu. Our centre provides a variety of office solutions designed to support your business needs. Situated just 21 meters from the Kasarini Bus Stop and approximately 28 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO), this location offers both convenience and accessibility. The Brick Thindigua features modern office spaces, coworking areas, and meeting rooms, creating an ideal environment for productivity and collaboration. Whether you need a serviced office, a coworking space, or virtual office services, we have the facilities to enhance your business operations. A HQ Office Membership includes: - Non-reserved private office for you and one guest - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Highly trained reception and support team - Cleaning, utilities and security - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Thindigua Along Kiambu Road, the Brick, Thindigua, Nairobi
8 sqm
Iwg PLC
Access Professional Coworking Space in HQ
4
KSh 11,500 /mo

Office space for rent

Access Professional Coworking Space in HQ

Work wherever and however you need to with a HQ Coworking membership. With pricing starting at 11500 KSH, we offer the flexibility and freedom to accommodate any workstyle. Simply walk into any location across our extensive global network and get to work -- as little or as often as you need. Discover a professional and flexible workspace at The Brick Thindigua, located in Kiambu. Our centre provides a variety of office solutions designed to support your business needs. Situated just 21 meters from the Kasarini Bus Stop and approximately 28 km from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (NBO), this location offers both convenience and accessibility. The Brick Thindigua features modern office spaces, coworking areas, and meeting rooms, creating an ideal environment for productivity and collaboration. Whether you need a serviced office, a coworking space, or virtual office services, we have the facilities to enhance your business operations. A HQ Coworking Membership includes: - Non-reserved desk in a coworking area for you and one guest - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Highly trained reception and support team - Cleaning, utilities and security - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Along Kiambu Road, Thindigua, Nairobi
5 sqm
Iwg PLC
Custom-Sized Office Space
9
KSh 40,000 /mo

Office space for rent

Custom-Sized Office Space

Bright and versatile office perfectly suited for professionals seeking a convenient Nairobi address. This spacious, unfurnished room offers abundant natural light and access to a shared kitchen and common washroom, creating a comfortable work environment. Located in a vibrant commercial area, it's ideal for accountants, doctors, or lawyers, with quick access to Coptic, Nairobi, and Kenyatta Hospitals as well as Milimani Law Courts and Hurlingham. Optional administration services are available at an extra cost. Two rooms are available at Ksh 40,000 per month, inclusive of electricity and water---an excellent

Ngong Road, Kilimani, Nairobi
2 Baths 2 Toilets 3 Parking 4503 sqm
Houses Homes Kenya
2000 Sq FT Partitioned Office Space
25
KSh 300,000 /mo

Office space for rent

2000 Sq FT Partitioned Office Space

Located in the serene and secure neighborhood of Spring Valley, this 2,000 sq ft office space offers an ideal environment for businesses seeking a peaceful yet prestigious setting. Set within a quiet, well-maintained compound, the space is perfect for NGOs, diplomatic missions, private consultancies, and companies looking for a professional and tranquil work environment. Key Features: Prime Location: Conveniently situated few minutes drive to the United Nations complex, embassies, and major international organizations. Quiet Compound: Nestled within a secure and quiet compound with mature gardens and ample parking. Flexible Space: Well-lit office spaces with both private and open plan lay out. Security: 24/7 security with controlled access and perimeter fencing. Amenities: Backup generator, private kitchenette and washrooms. Ample Parking: Designated parking bays with additional visitor parking available. This space offers the perfect balance between accessibility and tranquility, making it an excellent choice for professionals who value a focused and refined working atmosphere. Lettable space -- 2,000 sq ft Rent -- kes 130 Per Sq. Ft + VAT Service Charge -- kes 25 Per Sq. Ft +VAT Parking -- kes 6,000.00 + VAT per slot (4-6 slots available) The rent is negotiable

Lower Kabete Road, Spring Valley, Nairobi
4 Toilets 4 Parking
Viesta Investments
Office Spaces From 3000 to 8000 Sq FT
20
KSh 360,000 /mo

Office space for rent

Office Spaces From 3000 to 8000 Sq FT

These offices are strategically located off Waiyaki Way, a walking distance from Sarit Centre and Westgate Malls. The units are all open plan, perfect for collaborative work environments. The layout allows for easy customization to suit every client's needs. Each unit has provision for an internal kitchenette and washrooms Features: Full back-up generator High speed lifts 3 levels of basement parking + visitor's parking Borehole and city council water 24-hr security and CCTV surveillance in the common areas 1st floor -- 3036 sqft -- open plan with a glass frontage 2nd floor -- 8259 sqft -- open plan with a lift within the space going to the basement parking 3rd floor -- 6162 (office)+2055 (terrace) -- open plan with a large terrace outside 4th floor -- open plan- 6162 sqft 5th floor -- open plan -- 6162 sqft Rent: Kes 100 per sqft +vat Service Charge: Kes 20 per sqt +vat Parking: Kes 11,500 +vat per slot per month

Waiyaki Way, Westlands, Nairobi
2 Baths 4 Toilets 6 Parking 300 sqm
Viesta Investments
Modern 3 Bedrooms Maisonette Office
7
KSh 65,000 /mo

Office space for rent

Modern 3 Bedrooms Maisonette Office

The perfect office space in the heart of Kilimani, just steps from Yaya Center. This spacious 3-bedroom maisonette offers a versatile layout ideal for a professional firm or creative workspace. Enjoy ample natural light, private rooms for meetings, and a welcoming reception area. With secure parking for up to 4 cars, your team and clients will appreciate the convenience. Located in a serene, easily accessible neighborhood, this property combines functionality, comfort, and excellent value. Ideal for businesses seeking visibility and a prime Nairobi address.

Off Argwings Kodhek, Kilimani, Nairobi
2 Baths 2 Toilets 4 Parking 4508 sqm
Houses Homes Kenya
Offices
4
KSh 20,000 /mo

Office space for rent

Offices

Very new offices to let they are located along kimathi street very neat and well maintained,for more information call us today

Kimathi Street, Nairobi Central, Nairobi
Stonegate Investments
5 Bedroom Commercial Bungalow
13
KSh 150,000 /mo

Office space for rent

5 Bedroom Commercial Bungalow

Spacious 5 Bedroom commercial house located on Muranga road. It has a spacious living area Spacious kitchen Five spacious rooms with 3 bathrooms Parking space for 5 cares Asking rent: Kshs. 150,000/=

Muranga Road, Ngara, Nairobi
3 Baths 3 Toilets 4 Parking
Viesta Investments

Showing 281–300 of 471 properties

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of office spaces for rent in Kenya is KSh 197,000 per month.

The price of the most expensive office spaces for rent in Kenya is KSh 898,000 per month.

The price of the cheapest office spaces for rent in Kenya is KSh 11,500 per month.

There are 471 available office spaces for rent in Kenya. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.