There are 465 houses for sale and rent in Karen. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.
This newly built three-bedroom home in the heart of Karen offers the perfect blend of modern comfort, elegance, and convenience. Located within a secure gated community just minutes from The Hub, the home features bright and spacious interiors, a cozy fireplace, contemporary finishes, and a beautifully manicured garden ideal for relaxation and entertaining. Designed for comfortable family living, this residence provides a serene lifestyle in one of Karen's most sought-after neighborhoods. **Features:** * 3 spacious bedrooms * Master ensuite * Spacious living room with fireplace * Modern fitted kitchen * Dedicated laundry area * Well-manicured private garden * Bright and airy interiors * Secure gated community * Ample parking space * Close proximity to The Hub, schools, and major roads * Serene and secure environment Schedule Your Viewings Today.
Karen, Nairobi
3
2
3
4
High Tower Realtors
14
KSh 200,000/mo
House for rent
Emerald Court
This newly built three-bedroom home in the heart of Karen offers the perfect blend of modern comfort, elegance, and convenience. Located within a secure gated community just minutes from The Hub, the home features bright and spacious interiors, a cozy fireplace, contemporary finishes, and a beautifully manicured garden ideal for relaxation and entertaining. Designed for comfortable family living, this residence provides a serene lifestyle in one of Karen's most sought-after neighborhoods. **Features:** * 3 spacious bedrooms * Master ensuite * Spacious living room with fireplace * Modern fitted kitchen * Dedicated laundry area * Well-manicured private garden * Bright and airy interiors * Secure gated community * Ample parking space * Close proximity to The Hub, schools, and major roads * Serene and secure environment Schedule Your Viewings Today.
Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
2 Baths
3 Toilets
4 Parking
High Tower Realtors
16
KSh 200,000
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedroom House
Newly built 3 bedroom bungalow in a gated community, Spacious enough for a family,The area is well secured, close to the Hub mall. Master bedroom is en suite spacious and well lit lounge/fireplace Good size kitchen/pantry/laundry area Cloak room 2 bedrooms sharing toilet and bath small garden
Karen, Nairobi
3
2
3
3
Idealhomes
16
KSh 200,000/mo
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedroom House
Newly built 3 bedroom bungalow in a gated community, Spacious enough for a family,The area is well secured, close to the Hub mall. Master bedroom is en suite spacious and well lit lounge/fireplace Good size kitchen/pantry/laundry area Cloak room 2 bedrooms sharing toilet and bath small garden
Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
2 Baths
3 Toilets
3 Parking
Idealhomes
13
KSh 85,000
House for rent
3 Bedrooms House
3 Bedroom House in a shared gated community. It is spacious and ideal for a young family. Master bedroom is en suite Good size kitchen Well lit living room. Common swimming pool
Karen, Nairobi
3
2
2
2
Idealhomes
13
KSh 85,000/mo
House for rent
3 Bedrooms House
3 Bedroom House in a shared gated community. It is spacious and ideal for a young family. Master bedroom is en suite Good size kitchen Well lit living room. Common swimming pool
Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
2 Baths
2 Toilets
2 Parking
Idealhomes
19
KSh 130,000
Detached bungalow for rent
2 Bedroom Cottage
Spacious 2 bedroom cottage in a shared compound, ideally good for a couple or a young family. Fully furnished inclusive of all utilities. 2 bedroom 1 bath Well secured and close to many international schools e.g Banda school,
Banda Lane, Karen, Nairobi
2
1
1
1
Idealhomes
19
KSh 130,000/mo
Detached bungalow for rent
2 Bedroom Cottage
Spacious 2 bedroom cottage in a shared compound, ideally good for a couple or a young family. Fully furnished inclusive of all utilities. 2 bedroom 1 bath Well secured and close to many international schools e.g Banda school,
Banda Lane, Karen, Nairobi
2 Beds
1 Baths
1 Toilets
1 Parking
Idealhomes
7
KSh 350,000
House for rent
Luxurious 4 Bedroom
www.austinerealtors.co.ke Karen 4 Bedroom Family Home plus DSQ in Karen area with close proximity to various social amenities price: Ksh. 350,000 Features Modern fittings High ceiling Spacious lounge area 3 bathrooms, 2 ensuite bedrooms Separate guest cloakroom ️ 0704350354 #karenguide #homeforrent #austinerealtors
Karen, Nairobi
4
4
5
2
Austine Realtors
7
KSh 350,000/mo
House for rent
Luxurious 4 Bedroom
www.austinerealtors.co.ke Karen 4 Bedroom Family Home plus DSQ in Karen area with close proximity to various social amenities price: Ksh. 350,000 Features Modern fittings High ceiling Spacious lounge area 3 bathrooms, 2 ensuite bedrooms Separate guest cloakroom ️ 0704350354 #karenguide #homeforrent #austinerealtors
Karen, Nairobi
4 Beds
4 Baths
5 Toilets
2 Parking
Austine Realtors
24
KSh 35,000
Detached bungalow for rent
1 Bedroom House
Spacious 1 bedroom house in a shared compound, well scured, water and electricity available. Ideally good for a single lady. The area is well secured.
Karen, Nairobi
1
1
1
1
Idealhomes
24
KSh 35,000/mo
Detached bungalow for rent
1 Bedroom House
Spacious 1 bedroom house in a shared compound, well scured, water and electricity available. Ideally good for a single lady. The area is well secured.
Karen, Nairobi
1 Beds
1 Baths
1 Toilets
1 Parking
Idealhomes
9
KSh 170,000
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedroom House
Beautiful 3 bedroom house in a nice and well secured gated communit**** Send email is well finished and spacious ideally good for a couple or just a young family. Has its own compound, nice garden. Master bedroom is en suite, 2 bedrooms sharing bathroom. Visitors cloak room Well spaced living room with fireplace Good size kitchen Laundry area
Karen, Nairobi
3
2
3
2
Idealhomes
9
KSh 170,000/mo
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedroom House
Beautiful 3 bedroom house in a nice and well secured gated communit**** Send email is well finished and spacious ideally good for a couple or just a young family. Has its own compound, nice garden. Master bedroom is en suite, 2 bedrooms sharing bathroom. Visitors cloak room Well spaced living room with fireplace Good size kitchen Laundry area
Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
2 Baths
3 Toilets
2 Parking
Idealhomes
14Video
KSh 76,000,000
House for sale
Luxurious 4 Bedroom House in Gated Community
Luxurious 4 Bedroom House for Sale in Karen Ksh 76 Million (Negotiable) Live the lifestyle you deserve in this elegant 4 bedroom all ensuite home located in a secure, exclusive gated community of only 10 houses in the serene and prestigious Karen neighborhood. This modern residence perfectly blends contemporary design, natural light, and tranquil suburban living, making it an exceptional home for families, executives, or diaspora investors seeking refined comfort and long-term value. Property Highlights: 4 spacious ensuite bedrooms with premium fittings and finishes 2 self-contained servant quarters (SQ) for convenience Bright lounge & dining area with large panoramic windows Fully fitted modern kitchen with pantry and granite countertops Expansive well-manicured garden and outdoor entertainment space Guard house with 24/7 security surveillance and CCTV Reliable water supply -- borehole + city council connection Ample parking, cabro-paved driveway, and landscaped surroundings Prime Location -- Karen, Nairobi Located just minutes from Galleria Mall and The Hub Karen, this home provides easy access to top international schools, hospitals, shopping malls, restaurants, and the Southern Bypass. Enjoy the peaceful greenery and prestige of Karen --- Nairobi's most desired residential address --- without sacrificing urban convenience. Asking Price: Ksh 76,000,000 (Negotiable) Call/WhatsApp: 0732675057 [Click to Chat](https://wa.me/254732675057) #KarenLuxuryHomes #HouseForSaleKaren #LuxuryHomesKenya #KarenRealEstate #KarenHardyNdovu #DreamHomeKenya #LuxuryLivingNairobi #DiasporaInvestmentsKenya #KarenLifestyle #ModernHomesKenya #SecureLivingKenya #ExpatLivingKenya #NairobiLuxuryHomes #KenyaRealEstateMarket #KarenGatedCommunity #PropertyInvestmentKenya #KarenHomesForSale #HomesInKaren #LuxuryEstateKenya #InvestInKenya
Off Magadi Road, Karen, Nairobi
4
5
5
Grand Ventures Properties
14Video
KSh 76,000,000
House for sale
Luxurious 4 Bedroom House in Gated Community
Luxurious 4 Bedroom House for Sale in Karen Ksh 76 Million (Negotiable) Live the lifestyle you deserve in this elegant 4 bedroom all ensuite home located in a secure, exclusive gated community of only 10 houses in the serene and prestigious Karen neighborhood. This modern residence perfectly blends contemporary design, natural light, and tranquil suburban living, making it an exceptional home for families, executives, or diaspora investors seeking refined comfort and long-term value. Property Highlights: 4 spacious ensuite bedrooms with premium fittings and finishes 2 self-contained servant quarters (SQ) for convenience Bright lounge & dining area with large panoramic windows Fully fitted modern kitchen with pantry and granite countertops Expansive well-manicured garden and outdoor entertainment space Guard house with 24/7 security surveillance and CCTV Reliable water supply -- borehole + city council connection Ample parking, cabro-paved driveway, and landscaped surroundings Prime Location -- Karen, Nairobi Located just minutes from Galleria Mall and The Hub Karen, this home provides easy access to top international schools, hospitals, shopping malls, restaurants, and the Southern Bypass. Enjoy the peaceful greenery and prestige of Karen --- Nairobi's most desired residential address --- without sacrificing urban convenience. Asking Price: Ksh 76,000,000 (Negotiable) Call/WhatsApp: 0732675057 [Click to Chat](https://wa.me/254732675057) #KarenLuxuryHomes #HouseForSaleKaren #LuxuryHomesKenya #KarenRealEstate #KarenHardyNdovu #DreamHomeKenya #LuxuryLivingNairobi #DiasporaInvestmentsKenya #KarenLifestyle #ModernHomesKenya #SecureLivingKenya #ExpatLivingKenya #NairobiLuxuryHomes #KenyaRealEstateMarket #KarenGatedCommunity #PropertyInvestmentKenya #KarenHomesForSale #HomesInKaren #LuxuryEstateKenya #InvestInKenya
Off Magadi Road, Karen, Nairobi
4 Beds
5 Baths
5 Toilets
Grand Ventures Properties
25
KSh 350,000
Townhouse for rent
5 Bedroom House
A spacious standalone house located in a well secured Estate. Sitting on half acre with mature trees and a nice garden. Features All bedrooms are en suite and spacious Spacious living room with lots of natural lights Sunken lounge with fireplace Wooden floors Study /TV Room Spacious and good size kitchen/Pantry/laundry area Dsq for 2
Karen, Karen, Nairobi
5
5
6
5
Idealhomes
25
KSh 350,000/mo
Townhouse for rent
5 Bedroom House
A spacious standalone house located in a well secured Estate. Sitting on half acre with mature trees and a nice garden. Features All bedrooms are en suite and spacious Spacious living room with lots of natural lights Sunken lounge with fireplace Wooden floors Study /TV Room Spacious and good size kitchen/Pantry/laundry area Dsq for 2
Karen, Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
5 Baths
6 Toilets
5 Parking
Idealhomes
25
KSh 420,000
Townhouse for rent
4 Bedroom House
Lovely Townhouse in a gated community with a shared common pool. Sitting on half acre All bedrooms are en suite Good size well fitted kitchen Pantry Laundry area Living room with a fireplace and a door opening into the garden Study room Well maintained garden Mature trees
Karen, Nairobi
4
4
5
4
Idealhomes
25
KSh 420,000/mo
Townhouse for rent
4 Bedroom House
Lovely Townhouse in a gated community with a shared common pool. Sitting on half acre All bedrooms are en suite Good size well fitted kitchen Pantry Laundry area Living room with a fireplace and a door opening into the garden Study room Well maintained garden Mature trees
Karen, Nairobi
4 Beds
4 Baths
5 Toilets
4 Parking
Idealhomes
ADVERTISEMENT750 × 120
13
KSh 90,000,000
Townhouse for sale
5 Bedroom House
Located in a peaceful gated community of kerarapon road. This beautiful and elegant family home sits on half acre of lush well manicured grounds.Offering privacy and ,comfort and spacious living. Features 5 Bedrooms all en suite Semi detached en suite bedroom Rooftop Lounge Exquisite living room opening to the balcony Beautiful manicured lawn and garden Parking cars for 5 Solar heated system Inverter system with upto 16 hour power backup Reliable boreholw wateronnection
Kerarapon Road, Karen, Nairobi
5
5
6
5
Idealhomes
13
KSh 90,000,000
Townhouse for sale
5 Bedroom House
Located in a peaceful gated community of kerarapon road. This beautiful and elegant family home sits on half acre of lush well manicured grounds.Offering privacy and ,comfort and spacious living. Features 5 Bedrooms all en suite Semi detached en suite bedroom Rooftop Lounge Exquisite living room opening to the balcony Beautiful manicured lawn and garden Parking cars for 5 Solar heated system Inverter system with upto 16 hour power backup Reliable boreholw wateronnection
Kerarapon Road, Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
5 Baths
6 Toilets
5 Parking
Idealhomes
18
KSh 95,000,000
Townhouse for sale
5 Bedroom House
A well finished house ,sitting on half acre, own compound. Located close to galleria mall. This house is in a nice and well established neighbourhood. All bedrooms are en suite 2 Living rooms Study area Master bedroom en suite with a balcony. A good size fitted kitchen /pantry/Laundry area Servant Quarters for 2 Ample parking space
Karen, Nairobi
5
5
6
5
Idealhomes
18
KSh 95,000,000
Townhouse for sale
5 Bedroom House
A well finished house ,sitting on half acre, own compound. Located close to galleria mall. This house is in a nice and well established neighbourhood. All bedrooms are en suite 2 Living rooms Study area Master bedroom en suite with a balcony. A good size fitted kitchen /pantry/Laundry area Servant Quarters for 2 Ample parking space
Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
5 Baths
6 Toilets
5 Parking
Idealhomes
25
KSh 400,000
Townhouse for rent
5 Bedroom House
Modern Townhouse in a compound of two houses. Each house is sitting on half acre. Well finished and very spacious, bright and airy, large windows. Good size kitchen with a pantry.laundry area Staff quarter for 2 All bedrooms are en suite and all have balconies. Good security Family house About 8min drive to karen shopping center and the Hub Mall.
Karen, Nairobi
5
5
6
4
Idealhomes
25
KSh 400,000/mo
Townhouse for rent
5 Bedroom House
Modern Townhouse in a compound of two houses. Each house is sitting on half acre. Well finished and very spacious, bright and airy, large windows. Good size kitchen with a pantry.laundry area Staff quarter for 2 All bedrooms are en suite and all have balconies. Good security Family house About 8min drive to karen shopping center and the Hub Mall.
Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
5 Baths
6 Toilets
4 Parking
Idealhomes
14
KSh 200,000
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedroom Bungalow
Newly built and well spacious house in a shared compound. Ideally good for a mature couple . It is well finished with wooden floors,large windows Good size kitchen with lots of storage, laundry area Living room well lit.dining area Cloak room All bedrooms are en suite. Ample parking space for 2 cars. Good security Close to many social amenities
Karen, Nairobi
3
3
3
2
Idealhomes
14
KSh 200,000/mo
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedroom Bungalow
Newly built and well spacious house in a shared compound. Ideally good for a mature couple . It is well finished with wooden floors,large windows Good size kitchen with lots of storage, laundry area Living room well lit.dining area Cloak room All bedrooms are en suite. Ample parking space for 2 cars. Good security Close to many social amenities
Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
3 Baths
3 Toilets
2 Parking
Idealhomes
12
KSh 300,000
House for rent
5 Bedrooms House for Residential/Commercial Use
To let in Karen: 5 bedrooms house for Residential/commercial use Located just off Ngong road is this 5 bedrooms house available for residential or commercial use (silent office) 5 bedrooms+ DSQ Main kitchen+ 2 other kitchenettes. Rooftop terrace Underground parking that can accommodate 10 cars Rent kshs 300,000 Contact 0710346595 Email [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down
Karen, Nairobi
5
4
4
Danco Properties
12
KSh 300,000/mo
House for rent
5 Bedrooms House for Residential/Commercial Use
To let in Karen: 5 bedrooms house for Residential/commercial use Located just off Ngong road is this 5 bedrooms house available for residential or commercial use (silent office) 5 bedrooms+ DSQ Main kitchen+ 2 other kitchenettes. Rooftop terrace Underground parking that can accommodate 10 cars Rent kshs 300,000 Contact 0710346595 Email [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down
Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
4 Baths
4 Toilets
Danco Properties
17
KSh 300,000
House for rent
Superb 5 Bedrooms House Suitable for Residential/Commercial Use
To let in Karen: 5 bedrooms house for Residential/commercial use Located just off Ngong road is this 5 bedrooms house available for residential or commercial use (silent office) 5 bedrooms+ DSQ Main kitchen+ 2 other kitchenettes. Rooftop terrace Underground parking that can accommodate 10 cars Rent kshs 300,000 Contact 0727559666 Email [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down
Off Ngong Road, Karen, Nairobi
5
Discava Properties
17
KSh 300,000/mo
House for rent
Superb 5 Bedrooms House Suitable for Residential/Commercial Use
To let in Karen: 5 bedrooms house for Residential/commercial use Located just off Ngong road is this 5 bedrooms house available for residential or commercial use (silent office) 5 bedrooms+ DSQ Main kitchen+ 2 other kitchenettes. Rooftop terrace Underground parking that can accommodate 10 cars Rent kshs 300,000 Contact 0727559666 Email [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down
Off Ngong Road, Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
Discava Properties
22
KSh 250,000
House for rent
Oakwood Cross 5 Bedroom Home
Elegant 5-Bedroom Home for Rent Karen Discover refined family living in this stunning 5-bedroom home, set within a serene, secure gated community in Karen. Designed with space, comfort, and natural light in mind, this home offers the perfect balance of elegance and functionality --- ideal for modern family living. Key Features: - Spacious living room flooded with natural lighting - Seamless flow to dining area and modern kitchen - Kitchen fitted with pantry & separate laundry area - 1 ensuite bedroom downstairs - Visitor's common washroom - 4 spacious ensuite bedrooms upstairs - Well-manicured front and backyard gardens - Carport for 4 cars - Quiet, gated community with 24/7 security A perfect blend of privacy, space, and convenience in one of Karen's most sought-after neighborhoods. Book your viewing today and secure this exceptional home.
Karen, Nairobi
5
6
5
4
High Tower Realtors
22
KSh 250,000/mo
House for rent
Oakwood Cross 5 Bedroom Home
Elegant 5-Bedroom Home for Rent Karen Discover refined family living in this stunning 5-bedroom home, set within a serene, secure gated community in Karen. Designed with space, comfort, and natural light in mind, this home offers the perfect balance of elegance and functionality --- ideal for modern family living. Key Features: - Spacious living room flooded with natural lighting - Seamless flow to dining area and modern kitchen - Kitchen fitted with pantry & separate laundry area - 1 ensuite bedroom downstairs - Visitor's common washroom - 4 spacious ensuite bedrooms upstairs - Well-manicured front and backyard gardens - Carport for 4 cars - Quiet, gated community with 24/7 security A perfect blend of privacy, space, and convenience in one of Karen's most sought-after neighborhoods. Book your viewing today and secure this exceptional home.
Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
6 Baths
5 Toilets
4 Parking
High Tower Realtors
20Video
KSh 180,000
House for rent
Modern 3 Bedroom All En Suite House
Modern 3 Bedroom All En Suite House for Rent in Karen -- Hardy Area KSh 180,000 per Month This elegant 3-bedroom all en suite home is located in the prestigious Hardy area of Karen, within a secure and controlled neighborhood. The property sits on its own private compound, offering privacy, mature gardens, and a peaceful living environment. Designed for comfort and functionality, this home is ideal for families, professionals, or expatriates seeking a premium rental in one of Nairobi's most sought-after residential areas. Property Features: * 3 Spacious All En Suite Bedrooms * Master Bedroom with Walk-In Closet, Steam Bath & Sauna * Separate Study / Home Office * Bright and Airy Living & Dining Area * Modern Fitted Kitchen * Private Compound with Mature Garden * Ample Parking Space * Solar Hot Water System * Pet-Friendly Location -- Hardy, Karen Conveniently located close to The Hub Karen, Galleria Mall, Karen Hospital, top international and local schools, restaurants, and with easy access to major roads. Rent: KSh 180,000 per Month Call or WhatsApp 0732 675 057 to schedule a viewing. #KarenHomes #KarenRentals #HardyKaren #NairobiRentals #LuxuryRentalKenya #KarenLifestyle #ExpatLivingKenya #PetFriendlyHomes #PrivateCompound #NairobiRealEstate #HomesForRentKenya #GrandVenturesProperties
Hardy Area, Karen, Nairobi
3
4
4
Grand Ventures Properties
20Video
KSh 180,000/mo
House for rent
Modern 3 Bedroom All En Suite House
Modern 3 Bedroom All En Suite House for Rent in Karen -- Hardy Area KSh 180,000 per Month This elegant 3-bedroom all en suite home is located in the prestigious Hardy area of Karen, within a secure and controlled neighborhood. The property sits on its own private compound, offering privacy, mature gardens, and a peaceful living environment. Designed for comfort and functionality, this home is ideal for families, professionals, or expatriates seeking a premium rental in one of Nairobi's most sought-after residential areas. Property Features: * 3 Spacious All En Suite Bedrooms * Master Bedroom with Walk-In Closet, Steam Bath & Sauna * Separate Study / Home Office * Bright and Airy Living & Dining Area * Modern Fitted Kitchen * Private Compound with Mature Garden * Ample Parking Space * Solar Hot Water System * Pet-Friendly Location -- Hardy, Karen Conveniently located close to The Hub Karen, Galleria Mall, Karen Hospital, top international and local schools, restaurants, and with easy access to major roads. Rent: KSh 180,000 per Month Call or WhatsApp 0732 675 057 to schedule a viewing. #KarenHomes #KarenRentals #HardyKaren #NairobiRentals #LuxuryRentalKenya #KarenLifestyle #ExpatLivingKenya #PetFriendlyHomes #PrivateCompound #NairobiRealEstate #HomesForRentKenya #GrandVenturesProperties
Hardy Area, Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
4 Baths
4 Toilets
Grand Ventures Properties
13
KSh 200,000
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedrooms House
A nice house in a well secure area. Ideally good for a young family. Close to many social amenities. Spacious living room with fireplace Cloak room Good size kitchen Master bedroom is en suite 2 bedrooms en suite Well finished and with natural lighting Nice garden Mature trees
Karen, Nairobi
3
3
3
2
Idealhomes
13
KSh 200,000/mo
Detached bungalow for rent
3 Bedrooms House
A nice house in a well secure area. Ideally good for a young family. Close to many social amenities. Spacious living room with fireplace Cloak room Good size kitchen Master bedroom is en suite 2 bedrooms en suite Well finished and with natural lighting Nice garden Mature trees
Karen, Nairobi
3 Beds
3 Baths
3 Toilets
2 Parking
Idealhomes
12
KSh 350,000
Townhouse for rent
5 Bedrooms House
Beautiful five bedroom house, sitting on half acre. 3 bedrooms are en suite, 2 bedrooms share a connecting bathroom. An additional room is nanny room which is en suite Store room outside Electric fence Pet friendly Ample parking space.
Karen, Nairobi
5
3
4
4
Idealhomes
12
KSh 350,000/mo
Townhouse for rent
5 Bedrooms House
Beautiful five bedroom house, sitting on half acre. 3 bedrooms are en suite, 2 bedrooms share a connecting bathroom. An additional room is nanny room which is en suite Store room outside Electric fence Pet friendly Ample parking space.
Karen, Nairobi
5 Beds
3 Baths
4 Toilets
4 Parking
Idealhomes
Showing 301–320 of 465 properties
FAQ
Frequently asked questions
There are 465 available houses in Karen, Nairobi. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.
