Kenya Property Centre

Property in Kenya

There are 10,509 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale and rent across Kenya as of 29 Aug 2026, with an average price of KSh 25M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Elegant Standalone 3-Bedroom All-En-Suite House on Half Acre — Karen, Nairobi
12
KSh 300,000 /mo

House for rent

Elegant Standalone 3-Bedroom All-En-Suite House on Half Acre

Elegant Standalone 3-Bedroom All-En-Suite House for Rent in Karen, Nairobi Discover exclusive, private living in Karen with this standalone 3-bedroom all-ensuite house for rent, set on a generous half-acre plot in one of Nairobi's most prestigious and serene residential neighborhoods. This home is ideal for families, diplomats, expatriates, or professionals seeking space, privacy, and comfort in a secure environment. The property is pet-friendly and features a beautifully landscaped compound, making it perfect for outdoor living, entertaining, or raising a family. With its generous layout and quiet surroundings, this home offers a rare blend of tranquility and convenience. Key Features: - 3 spacious bedrooms -- all en-suite for maximum privacy and comfort - Standalone home -- no shared walls, offering complete privacy - Servants' quarters (SQ) for 2 -- ideal for live-in staff - Half-acre plot -- expansive outdoor space with mature greenery - Bright living and dining areas -- excellent natural lighting and ventilation - Well-designed kitchen -- functional layout with ample storage - Pet-friendly environment -- perfect for pet owners - Secure and quiet location -- peaceful neighborhood with excellent security Location: Karen, Nairobi -- a prime residential suburb known for its greenery, privacy, and proximity to international schools, shopping malls, hospitals, and major road networks. Rent: KSh 300,000 per month This is a rare standalone rental opportunity in Karen, offering space, exclusivity, and a premium lifestyle on a large plot---ideal for long-term tenants. Contact Us Today to Schedule a Viewing: Call or WhatsApp: 0732 675 057 [https://wa.me/254732675057](https://wa.me/254732675057) #KarenHouses #KarenRentals #StandaloneHouseKaren #LuxuryHomesKenya #PetFriendlyHomes #KarenLiving #NairobiRealEstate #HalfAcreProperty #HomesForRentKaren #SecureLivingKenya #ExpatHomesKenya

Karen, Nairobi
3 beds 4 baths 4 toilets
Grand Ventures Properties
Residential Plot with a Ready Title Deed — Maasai Ostrich Farm, Kitengela, Kajiado
14
KSh 1,199,000

Residential land for sale

Residential Plot with a Ready Title Deed

Prime 50×100 plot for sale -- kitengela near ostrich farm Own a piece of land in one of Kitengela's most sought-after and fastest-growing locations --- just near Ostrich Farm, a well-known landmark with excellent accessibility. This 50×100 plot comes with a ready title deed, making it perfect for immediate development or secure investment. Price: Ksh 1.199M only Why this land is a smart buy - Strategic location near Ostrich Farm - Ideal for residential homes or rental development - Flat, well-drained land --- minimal construction costs - Fast-developing neighborhood with modern homes - Water & electricity available nearby - Easy access to Nairobi, Isinya & Namanga Road Kitengela continues to attract homeowners, investors, and developers due to its rapid infrastructure growth, affordable pricing, and high demand for housing. Buying now means locking in value before prices rise further. - Land appreciates. Title deeds don't wait. Call or WhatsApp now to reserve or book a site visit. Plots in this location move very fast.

Maasai Ostrich Farm, Kitengela, Kajiado
450 sqm
Wazury Real Estate
Godown Baba Dogo 5700-SQFT — Baba Dogo, Nairobi
7
KSh 299,000 /mo

Commercial property for rent

Godown Baba Dogo 5700-SQFT

Introducing our exceptional warehouse property located in Baba Dogo, offering a range of features perfectly suited to meet your business requirements. This newly built warehouse provides a spacious and well-equipped environment to enhance your operations. Key Features of the Warehouse: Expansive Storage Space: With a minimum storage space starting from 4500 square meters, this warehouse offers ample room to accommodate your inventory, equipment, and operational needs. The two floors of storage space provide flexibility for organizing and optimizing your storage layout. Truck-friendly Parking: The property provides ample parking space designed specifically to facilitate the smooth movement of trucks. This ensures efficient loading and unloading operations, enabling your business to maintain a seamless supply chain. Onsite Water Storage: With a generous 6000-liter water storage capacity, this warehouse offers a reliable and convenient water supply for your day-to-day operations. You can count on having access to an essential resource without any disruptions. Comprehensive Security Measures: Your peace of mind is our top priority. The warehouse is equipped with 24-hour security personnel, ensuring the safety and protection of your assets. Additionally, the property is fully compliant with fire safety regulations, providing a secure environment for your business operations. The presence of 24-hour CCTV surveillance enhances security measures and adds an extra layer of protection. Functional Office Spaces: The warehouse includes dedicated office space, allowing you to have on-site administrative operations. These offices are designed to provide a comfortable and conducive working environment. Additionally, the provision of executive multi-functional offices on the mezzanine and first floor offers added convenience for your business needs. Cargo Lift: The property features a 2-ton cargo lift, facilitating easy and efficient movement of goods between floors. This streamlines your logistical processes, saving time and effort in handling heavy or bulky items. Kitchenette Facilities: Every go-down within the warehouse complex is equipped with a kitchenette, providing a convenient space for your employees to take breaks and prepare meals. This thoughtful feature enhances the overall functionality and comfort of the workspace. Experience the advantages of this newly built warehouse in Baba Dogo, designed to meet the demands of modern businesses. Take advantage of the spacious storage areas, essential amenities, and comprehensive security measures. To inquire about this property or to arrange a viewing, please contact us today. Secure this opportunity to elevate your business operations within this prime warehouse facility in Baba Dogo. 5700 sqft 40ksh per sqft plus VAT service charge @ ksh 30,000/-

Baba Dogo, Nairobi
2 baths 2 toilets 2 Parking 570 sqm
Kenawazindi Homes
A Stand Alone House Suitable for Office — Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
22
KSh 900,000 /mo

Commercial property for rent

A Stand Alone House Suitable for Office

This house is located in the hearts of Gigili just next to Italian and Indian embassies. The house is suitable for offices with over 20 office rooms and spaces. It has a back up generator and the security is on top notch.

Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
9 beds 7 toilets 12 Parking
Kibari Kenya Properties LTD
Fully Furnished 1 Bedroom — Kilimani, Nairobi
11
KSh 150,000 /mo

Apartment for rent

Fully Furnished 1 Bedroom

Fully furnished 1 bedroom apartment for rent in Kilimani Rent price 150,000 Amenities Heated swimming pool Fully equipped gym and fitness center Children's play area Recreational hall Rooftop garden Backup generator and borehole water supply 24/7 CCTV surveillance and manned security Electric fence High-speed lifts Ample parking space for residents and guests Spacious balconies with panoramic city views Modern kitchens with marble countertops and built-in appliances En-suite bedrooms with ample closet space Large windows for natural lighting

Kilimani, Nairobi
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet 1 Parking
Mike Property Kenya
Private Office Space for 4 Persons — Kenyatta Avenue, I & M Tower, 15-17TH Floors, Nairobi Central, Nairobi
6
KSh 79,820 /mo

Office space for rent

Private Office Space for 4 Persons

Book a fully serviced office for four, and we'll make sure everything always works smoothly. Nestled in the heart of Nairobi's Central Business District (CBD), the I&M Building provides unparallelled visibility and accessibility, making it a prime hub for businesses seeking proximity to bustling economic activities in the largest city in Kenya. This vibrant and dynamic area has easy accessibility via major roads and benefits from robust public transport links, including icea bus stop on your doorstep. With University of Nairobi, Strathmore University and kca University just 2.3km, 4.1km and 6.7km away respectively, you're perfectly positioned to attract the latest talented candidates. Looking to land global clients? Drive 17.7km to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport to greet them. I&M Building is an iconic skyscraper offering premium office space. Its stunning glass façade and modern facilities will impress and reflect well on your business. Natural light shines through floor-to-ceiling windows throughout the day, helping you and your team stay focused while filling the room with bright ideas together. Whether you're tackling a project in your own private office, brainstorming with colleagues in shared open spaces, or impressing potential clients in modern meeting rooms, decide how you want to work with complete flexibility and business-grade WiFi. After a productive workday, switch off in the nearby park and garden, cinema, museums or restaurants. Make a home for your business with 20 sqm of private office space in HQ I&M Tower, ideal for 4 employees. Our medium offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Private Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture - Additional access to 60 sqm of shared workspace - Pricing starts at 79820 KSH All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Kenyatta Avenue, I & M Tower, 15-17TH Floors, Nairobi Central, Nairobi
20 sqm
Iwg PLC
Two Bedroom Apartment — Mararo Road, Lavington, Nairobi
24
KSh 90,000 /mo

Apartment for rent

Two Bedroom Apartment

Modern 2 Bedroom Apartment For Rent In Lavington! Rent - Kshs. 90,000/- per month (Negotiable) including service charge Location - Mararo Road, Close proximity to schools, shopping outlets, and hospitals Key Features: 2 bedrooms (one ensuite) Open plan living and dining room Big kitchen Bathroom Utility area for laundry 925 SQFT Borehole water and city council water Full backup generator Community Amenities: -Fully fitted gym, swimming pool Lounge and play area for children Seperate vistor parking Secure gated community, 24/7 security Intercom security Other Highlights: Big windows with good natural light Modern fitted kitchen with stove and hood 1 parking spot (private) Pet friendly Service charge - Kshs. 5,500/- per month

Mararo Road, Lavington, Nairobi
2 beds 2 baths 2 toilets 2 Parking
Craiova Realtors
Hidden Gem : 4 Bedrooms Own Compound House Fully Furnished — Moi South Lake Area, Naivasha East, Nakuru
13
KSh 300,000 /mo

House for rent

Hidden Gem : 4 Bedrooms Own Compound House Fully Furnished

Naivasha : Fully furnished own compound house. prices: The whole house as a 4 bedroom- 15k a night The main house as a 3 bedroom- 12k a night The main house as a 2 bedroom- 8-10k a night The SQ(one bedroom)- 5000 a night Kshs 300,000 per month Contact 0727559666 Email: [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down

Moi South Lake Area, Naivasha East, Nakuru
4 beds
Discava Properties
Lovely & Spacious 2 Bedrooms Apartment with Access to a Garden — Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
21
KSh 180,000 /mo

Apartment for rent

Lovely & Spacious 2 Bedrooms Apartment with Access to a Garden

To let in Runda; Two bedroom flat with a garden Monthly Rent: Kshs 180,000 (Unfurnished) Kshs 240,000 (Furnished) Features: Very spacious rooms Both bedrooms are en suite The ground floor unit has access to a garden A living room and separate dining area A guest toilet Contact 0727557666 Email: [email protected] Danco Properties We help you settle down

Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
2 beds 3 baths 3 toilets
Discava Properties
A Prime Block Suitable for a School/Office — Nations Avenue, Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
25
$24,000 /mo

Commercial property for rent

A Prime Block Suitable for a School/Office

This property is located in the hearts of Gigiri just next to American Embassy. It's suitable for a private school or an office. For more information/viewing kindly call/text via 0711567666

Nations Avenue, Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
3950 sqm
Kibari Kenya Properties LTD
A Stand Alone House Suitable for Office/Home — Nations Avenue, Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
15
KSh 1,000,000 /mo

House for rent

A Stand Alone House Suitable for Office/Home

This house is located in the hearts of Gigiri directly opposite American embassy so an assurance of right security. The house is suitable for an office or a private home. It comes with a massive green area, parking of more than 20 cars, back up generator, water storage tanks , well partitioned rooms and office spaces. For viewing and more enquiry kindly text/call via 0711567666

Nations Avenue, Runda, Westlands, Nairobi
15 beds 10 baths 11 toilets 20 Parking
Kibari Kenya Properties LTD
Unfurnished 2-Bedroom Guest Wing — Kabuagi, Karen, Nairobi
1
KSh 68,000 /mo

Townhouse for rent

Unfurnished 2-Bedroom Guest Wing

To let executive guest wing KSh 68,000 Per Month Karen -- Kabuagi Discover serene living in a prestigious Karen address with this unfurnished 2-bedroom guest wing, set within a ½-acre compound and sharing grounds with a main house --- ideal for professionals or small families seeking privacy, greenery, and comfort. Features Cozy, well-lit living room Fitted open-plan kitchen Master bedroom en-suite Spacious common bathroom with dressing area & large mirror Beautiful mature gardens Ample parking Wi-Fi available Quiet, secure, and serene environment terms 2 months' deposit applicable. Call / WhatsApp: 0731 668 603

Kabuagi, Karen, Nairobi
2 beds 2 baths 2 toilets 1 Parking
Millykim Investment
Elegant 4-Bedroom All-En-Suite Villa in Gated Community — Karen, Nairobi
17
KSh 350,000 /mo

House for rent

Elegant 4-Bedroom All-En-Suite Villa in Gated Community

Elegant 4-Bedroom All-En-Suite Villa for Rent in Karen in a gated community Rent: Kes 350,000 per month Enjoy refined living in this beautiful 4-bedroom all-en-suite villa located within a secure gated community in Karen. Designed for comfort and elegance, this home offers generous spaces, quality finishes, and access to excellent shared amenities---ideal for families, expatriates, and professionals. Villa Features: - 4 spacious bedrooms -- all en-suite - Expansive lounge with wooden floors - Separate family room - Dedicated dining area - Modern fitted kitchen - Pantry with ample storage - Detached DSQ - Beautiful, well-maintained lawn Community Amenities: - Secure gated community - Common swimming pool - Elegant clubhouse - 24/7 security Prime Karen Location: Close to shopping malls, international schools, hospitals, restaurants, and major road networks---offering both convenience and tranquility. Call or WhatsApp: 0732 675 057 WhatsApp: [https://wa.me/254732675057](https://wa.me/254732675057) Step into luxury, space, and security in one of Karen's most desirable neighborhoods. #KarenRentals #LuxuryVillaKaren #KarenHomes #GatedCommunityLiving #NairobiLuxuryRentals #ExpatLivingKenya #DiasporaHomes #KenyaRealEstate #KarenLifestyle

Karen, Nairobi
4 beds 5 baths 5 toilets
Grand Ventures Properties
Enhanced Security & Family-Friendly Living 2 Bedrooms Apartments — Dennis Pritt Road, Kilimani, Nairobi
10
KSh 100,000 /mo

Apartment for rent

Enhanced Security & Family-Friendly Living 2 Bedrooms Apartments

Step into modern comfort in this newly built 2-bedroom apartment in the heart of Kilimani, Nairobi. Thoughtfully designed with elegant finishes, the home offers a serene, clean, and well-maintained compound complemented by ample parking and a safe children's play area. Enjoy peace of mind with 24-hour security guards, CCTV surveillance, and a perimeter wall with electric fencing. Conveniently located near Yaya Shopping Centre, the property features elevators and a reliable borehole, ensuring uninterrupted water supply and effortless urban living.

Dennis Pritt Road, Kilimani, Nairobi
2 beds 2 baths 2 toilets 2 Parking
Houses Homes Kenya
1 Acre Prime Land Touching the Tarmac — Takaungu, Kilifi, Sokoni, Kilifi
5
KSh 10,000,000

Mixed-use land for sale

1 Acre Prime Land Touching the Tarmac

Prime Property for Sale -- rare opportunity 1 Acre prime land touching the tarmac along the Msa--Malindi Road, Takaungu --- perfect for commercial or residential development. - Price: Ksh 10M (slightly negotiable) - Location: Takaungu, along Msa--Mld Road - Size: 1 Acre High visibility. Easy access. Great investment potential. Contact 0728279314 for more details

Takaungu, Kilifi, Sokoni, Kilifi
Wazury Real Estate
Luxury 5 Bedrooms Maisonette — Kamangu, Kikuyu, Kiambu
25
KSh 25,000,000

Townhouse for sale

Luxury 5 Bedrooms Maisonette

Royal Green Villas, Located in Kikuyu Kamangu. 5-bedroom Maisonette plus DSQ and office room with great view of Green Mountains Key Amenities: - Gated community - Spacious Lounge and dining - Kitchen with pantry - Built-in wardrobes - Car park and back yard - Cabro paved roads - Street lights - Underground water storage tank (on request) - Community green space - 24 hour security CCTV - Internet - Management services. The project covers 1.5 acres, every unit covers a total construction of 200 square meters ,3 floors with a double ceiling and 16 units altogether , every unit has a garden and an ample parking space 5- bedroom plus a DSQ and Office room It offers easy access to an array centres like Karen and CBD which is only 20mins drive Amenities - Club house - Fully Equipped Gym - Kids play area - Swimming pool Call/Whatsapp 0728279314. Price from Ksh 25 Million Expected completion 2027

Kamangu, Kikuyu, Kiambu
5 beds 5 baths 5 toilets 5 Parking
Wazury Real Estate
Private Office Space for 2 Persons — Kenyatta Avenue, I & M Tower, 15-17TH Floors, Nairobi Central, Nairobi
5
KSh 39,910 /mo

Office space for rent

Private Office Space for 2 Persons

Get started right away with a ready-to-use office space for two. Nestled in the heart of Nairobi's Central Business District (CBD), the I&M Building provides unparallelled visibility and accessibility, making it a prime hub for businesses seeking proximity to bustling economic activities in the largest city in Kenya. This vibrant and dynamic area has easy accessibility via major roads and benefits from robust public transport links, including icea bus stop on your doorstep. With University of Nairobi, Strathmore University and kca University just 2.3km, 4.1km and 6.7km away respectively, you're perfectly positioned to attract the latest talented candidates. Looking to land global clients? Drive 17.7km to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport to greet them. I&M Building is an iconic skyscraper offering premium office space. Its stunning glass façade and modern facilities will impress and reflect well on your business. Natural light shines through floor-to-ceiling windows throughout the day, helping you and your team stay focused while filling the room with bright ideas together. Whether you're tackling a project in your own private office, brainstorming with colleagues in shared open spaces, or impressing potential clients in modern meeting rooms, decide how you want to work with complete flexibility and business-grade WiFi. After a productive workday, switch off in the nearby park and garden, cinema, museums or restaurants. Make a home for your business with 10 sqm of private office space in HQ I&M Tower, ideal for 2 employees. Our small offices are fully serviced and have everything taken care of - from the furniture to the high-speed WiFi - so you can focus on driving your business forward. Find flexible office space for rent for as little as a day or stay for longer and personalise your space to suit the unique needs of your business. HQ Private Offices include: - Access to our global network with thousands of locations worldwide - Highly trained reception and support team - Secure, business-grade technology and WiFi - Printers and access to admin support - Cleaning, utilities and security - Desk space available by the hour, day or month - Regular networking and community events - Easy booking and account management via our app - Customisable and flexible layouts - Scale up or move locations to suit your needs - High-quality ergonomic furniture - Additional access to 50 sqm of shared workspace - Pricing starts at 39910 KSH All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Kenyatta Avenue, I & M Tower, 15-17TH Floors, Nairobi Central, Nairobi
10 sqm
Iwg PLC
Modern 1 Bedroom Apartment Located Luxury Area, Mtwapa — Mtwapa, Kilifi
14
KSh 18,000 /mo

Mini flat for rent

Modern 1 Bedroom Apartment Located Luxury Area, Mtwapa

To let modern 1 bedroom apartment located Luxury area, Mtwapa Ideal for individuals and professionals that value a safe, gated and modern apartment with social amenities. Features; 1. Open-plan kitchen 2. Borehole water supply 3. Pre-paid electricity meter 4. Secure and accessible location 5. Parking Rent: Ksh 18,000 p/m Call or WhatsApp 0743 606131 for more information or to schedule a viewing. Viewings by appointment.

Mtwapa, Kilifi
1 bed 1 toilet 1 Parking
Edgestone Real Estate
Find the Right Location for Your Business, Anywhere in the World — Zuhura Place, 2nd Floor, Kenyatta Hwy, Thika, Kiambu
4
KSh 14,840 /mo

Office space for rent

Find the Right Location for Your Business, Anywhere in the World

Build your business presence fast, with an instant professional company address and the virtual office services you need. Choose from thousands of locations to position your business wherever you need to be. Step into HQ Thika, your gateway to the commercial heartbeat of Thika. Positioned along the bustling Kenyatta Highway, this modern workspace offers high visibility and seamless accessibility, perfect for businesses ready to grow. Inside, private offices and flexible coworking spaces provide the freedom to scale, collaborate, and innovate in a vibrant professional setting. The building combines security, 24/7 access, and on-site parking with a dynamic mix of retail and office tenants, creating a stimulating environment for networking and productivity. Whether you're hosting clients or focusing on your next big idea, HQ Thika has you covered. Outside your office door, you'll find everything you need within easy reach -- banks, supermarkets, cafes, gyms, and shopping malls. Commuting is effortless thanks to proximity to the Thika Superhighway and nearby public transport terminals, keeping you connected across the city. Inside, the centre delivers high-speed business-grade WiFi, thoughtfully designed workspaces, and private meeting rooms ready to host your team or clients. Breaks are easy to enjoy in communal areas or nearby cafes, making HQ Thika the ideal base for professionals looking for convenience, community, and flexibility all under one roof. HQ Virtual Office includes: - Options ranging from local business address to telephone numbers and workspace access - Professional receptionists to greet guests - 24/7 customer support - Regular networking and community events - Mail forwarding on daily, weekly or ad hoc basis - Choice of regional or national phone number - Professional call answering service - Administrative support - Access to office or coworking space as and when needed All images shown in this listing belong to our locations but may not correspond to this specific centre. Enquire now

Zuhura Place, 2nd Floor, Kenyatta Hwy, Thika, Kiambu
5 sqm
Iwg PLC
Cozy 3 Bedroom Master Ensuite Bungalow — Bogani, Karen, Nairobi
22
KSh 180,000 /mo

Detached bungalow for rent

Cozy 3 Bedroom Master Ensuite Bungalow

Charming 3-Bedroom Bungalow with DSQ for Rent -- Bogani Road, Karen Rent: Kes 180,000 per month Set on a generous ¾-acre plot within its own private compound, this charming 3-bedroom bungalow offers space, privacy, and serene living in the highly sought-after Bogani area of Karen. Ideal for families or professionals looking for a quiet, secure, and green environment. Property Features: - 3 bedrooms (master en-suite) - 3 bathrooms - Large living room with excellent natural lighting - Separate dining area - Spacious kitchen with ample storage - Detached DSQ for 1 - Lockable garage - Ample parking space - Mature garden with indigenous trees - Reliable water supply Security & Location: - Own compound in a secure gated neighborhood - Quiet, safe, and family-friendly environment Prime Location -- Bogani Road, Karen Close to The Hub Karen, international schools, hospitals, shopping centres, Karen Shopping Centre, and with easy access to Ngong Road. Call or WhatsApp: 0732 675 057 WhatsApp: [https://wa.me/254732675057](https://wa.me/254732675057) Enjoy peaceful Karen living with space, privacy, and convenience---all in one beautiful home. #KarenRentals #BoganiKaren #HousesForRentKaren #KarenHomes #OwnCompoundHouse #ExpatLivingKenya #DiasporaRentals #NairobiHomes #KenyaRealEstate

Bogani, Karen, Nairobi
3 beds 3 baths 3 toilets
Grand Ventures Properties

Showing 7,161–7,180 of 10,509 properties

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of flats, houses, land and commercial property in Kenya is KSh 25,000,000.

The price of the most expensive flats, houses, land and commercial property in Kenya is KSh 1,900,000,000.

The price of the cheapest flats, houses, land and commercial property in Kenya is KSh 60,000.

There are 10,509 available flats, houses, land and commercial property in Kenya. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.